Acid-base

Winter's formula (expected PaCO₂ in metabolic acidosis)

Predicts PaCO₂ if respiratory compensation is appropriate. Mismatch = additional disturbance.

metabolic acidosiscompensation

Required inputs

  • HCO₃ (mEq/L)
  • Measured PaCO₂ (mmHg)

Equation or source

Albert MS. Ann Intern Med 1967;66:312.

Provenance and release status

Equation / algorithm
Predicts PaCO₂ if respiratory compensation is appropriate. Mismatch = additional disturbance.
Formula version
winters-v1
Tool version
2.4.0
Clinical risk class
A. EDUCATIONAL CALCULATOR
Release status
Under clinical review
Source status
Direct primary source identifier not yet resolved
Clinical review status
Under clinical verification
Clinical review date
Clinical review date not yet documented

DOI / PMID / direct guideline identifier not yet documented.

Assumptions

  • Entered values and units are accurate and apply to the population described by the cited source.
  • The published equation or rule is being used without a patient-specific clinical adjustment.

Important limitations

  • The result does not replace clinical assessment or establish a diagnosis.
  • Performance outside the source population may differ.
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