Chapters
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Fluid, Electrolytes & Acid–Base
Sodium & water, potassium, calcium/phosphate/magnesium, acid–base and stones — the bedrock of clinical nephrology, and ~20% of the specialty board blueprint.
Renal Physiology & Function Assessment
GFR, clearance, eGFR equations (CKD-EPI 2021), cystatin C, urinalysis & proteinuria.
Acute Kidney Injury
KDIGO staging, pre/intra/post-renal AKI, biomarkers, contrast-associated AKI, hepatorenal, RRT.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Staging & risk, progression, SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone, RAAS blockade, BP, nutrition, ESKD prep.
CKD–MBD, Anaemia & Metabolic
Mineral & bone disorder, PTH/phosphate/FGF23, vitamin D, calcimimetics, anaemia, iron, ESAs, HIF-PHIs.
Glomerular Diseases
Nephrotic vs nephritic, MCD, FSGS, membranous (PLA2R), IgA, MPGN/C3G, lupus, ANCA, anti-GBM, TMA.
Tubulointerstitial, Cystic & Hereditary
Chronic TIN, ADPKD & tolvaptan, other cystic disease, Alport/TBM, Fabry, inherited tubulopathies.
Hypertension & Renovascular Disease
Measurement & targets, drug therapy, resistant & secondary HTN, endocrine causes, renovascular, emergencies.
Diabetic Kidney & Cardiorenal
Diabetic kidney disease, the four pillars (RAAS, SGLT2i, GLP-1 RA, finerenone), cardiorenal syndrome, diuretic resistance.
Pregnancy & the Kidney
Renal adaptation, CKD in pregnancy, pre-eclampsia/HELLP, AKI & pregnancy-related TMA, dialysis/transplant & drug safety.
Haemodialysis
Principles & modalities, adequacy (Kt/V), intradialytic complications, anticoagulation, long-term care, emergencies & home HD.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Membrane transport & PET, adequacy & UF failure, peritonitis (ISPD 2022), non-infectious complications & EPS.
Vascular Access
Access planning (Life-Plan), AVF/AVG vs catheters, maturation, stenosis/thrombosis/steal, catheter dysfunction & CRBSI.
Kidney Transplantation
Immunology & DSA, donor evaluation/allocation, immunosuppression, rejection (TCMR/ABMR, Banff), infections (BK/CMV), recurrence, malignancy, long-term care.
Critical Care Nephrology & CRRT
ICU AKI & RRT timing/modality, CRRT principles & dosing, regional citrate, poisonings & extracorporeal removal, rhabdomyolysis/TLS/sepsis.
Onconephrology & Paraproteins
Myeloma cast nephropathy & AL amyloid, MGRS, tumour lysis, cancer-therapy nephrotoxicity (checkpoint-inhibitor AIN, anti-VEGF TMA), paraneoplastic GN.
Pharmacology & Drug Dosing
Dosing principles in CKD/AKI & dialysis, nephrotoxins, antimicrobial dosing & removal by RRT, common drug pitfalls (metformin, DOACs, gabapentinoids).
Genetic & Rare Kidney Diseases
Complement & aHUS (eculizumab), inherited tubulopathies, APOL1, ciliopathies, primary hyperoxaluria, and the approach to genetic testing.